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Computer
A Computer is a elctronic device. A Computer is a very useful for anyone and any work.
A Computer is a elctronic device with the ability to accept input from users,process the data and output the results to user. A Computer will also have the ability to store the users data to a large extent.
Generation of Computer
There are five generations of Computers. They are :
(a) First generation computers,
(b) Second generation computers,
(c) Third generation computers,
(d) Fourth generation computers,
(e) Fifth generation computers.
(a) First generation computers : The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. They were large and slow, and they produce lots of heat. The vacuum tubes failed frequently, so firstgeneration computers were "down" (not working) much of the time. These computers were given instructions in machine language, which is composed entirely of the numbers 0 and 1. Machine language was difficult to work with and hard to interpret.
In the first generation computers, data and instructions were input from punched cards and the secondary storage consisted of magnetic drums which were later on replaced by magnetic tape.
(b) Second generation computers : A break through in the computing world occured in the second generation computers were large, unreliable vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. These transistors are small, require very little power and run effectively. They are much more reliable. In this generation, memory was composed of small magnetic cores strung on wire with in the computer. Magnetic disks were developed for secondary storage.
The development of high-level languages, which are easier for people to understand and work with made programming easy. Second generation computers could communicate with each other over telephone lines, transmitting data from one location to another. Communication was fairly slow, but a new method of exchanging data and ideas was now available.
These second generation computers had some problems. The input and output devices were so slow that the computer itself frequently sat idle, waiting for cards to be read or reports to be printed.
(c) Third generation computers : The third generation computers developed the concept of integrated circuits. These integrated circuits incorporate many transistors and electronic circuits on a single wafer or chip of silicon. Integrated circuits are sometimes called chips because of the way they are made.
Integrated circuit technology is responsible for the computer industry's technical progress. The third generation computers offered more money and faster processing. Another significant development of this generation was launching of first telecommunications satellite. Communication stations on the earth could transmit and receive data to and from the satellites, enabling worldwide communications between computer systems.
(d) Fourth generation computers : Creation of tiny computer on a chip gave way for the world's first microprocessor. A microprocessor chip holds on a single chip the entire control unit and arithmatic-logic unit of a computer. The technique called very large scale integration (VLSI), used to build microprocessors enable chip companies to mass-produce computer chips that contain hundreds of thousands or even millions of transistors.
Fourth Generation technology is still going strong. Efforts to pack even more transistors on one chip have led to such developments as Intel's pentium microprocessors. Although highlevel languages are still used extensively, very high-level languages appeared during fourth-generation. A very high-level language is a way of writing instructions for a complex application program that has a large command set.
Another fourth generation development is the spread of high speed computer networking, which enables computers to communicate and share data. Within organizations, Local Area Networks (LAN) connect several dozen or even several hundred computers within a limited geographic area (one building or several buildings near each other). Wide Area Networks (WAN) provide global connections for today's computers.
(e) Fifth generation computers : Major changes are occurring in software as well as hardware. According to experts, the trademark of the next generation will be artificial intelligence (AI). Computers that use artificial intelligence will have some attributes associated
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